一、標準出臺的(de)背景是什(shen)么？
國家高度(du)重視危險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)業健(jian)康發展，2017年出臺的《固體(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)鑒別(bie)標準(zhun)(zhun) 通則》(GB 34330-2017)明(ming)確(que)要求：利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)固體(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)產的產物(wu)(wu)需(xu)滿足“符合(he)相關國家污(wu)染(ran)排(pai)放(控(kong)制(zhi))標準(zhun)(zhun)或技(ji)術規范要求，包(bao)括該產物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)排(pai)放到(dao)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)的有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質限(xian)(xian)值和(he)該產物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質的含量(liang)限(xian)(xian)值”等相應(ying)條(tiao)件，方(fang)可不(bu)作(zuo)為固體(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)管(guan)理(li)(如作(zuo)為產品銷售(shou))。但由于(yu)現階段有(you)關綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)產物(wu)(wu)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)質限(xian)(xian)值的標準(zhun)(zhun)規范尚(shang)不(bu)健(jian)全，危險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)產物(wu)(wu)潛(qian)在的環(huan)境(jing)風險不(bu)容(rong)忽視。對(dui)此(ci)，生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)部(bu)啟動了(le)危險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)處置二(er)次污(wu)染(ran)控(kong)制(zhi)要求及綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)的環(huan)境(jing)保護要求制(zhi)定工作(zuo)，初期重點(dian)針對(dui)國內含鉻皮革廢(fei)(fei)碎料、廢(fei)(fei)汽車尾氣(qi)凈(jing)化(hua)催化(hua)劑(ji)、抗生(sheng)素菌渣、廢(fei)(fei)有(you)機溶劑(ji)、廢(fei)(fei)鹽、含油固體(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)、鎢冶煉廢(fei)(fei)渣等危險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)開展綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)染(ran)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術規范研(yan)究。江蘇省作(zuo)為農藥(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)省，作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種類(lei)多、復種指數高、農藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)大(da)，因此(ci)農藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)裝廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)量(liang)也(ye)較大(da)。鑒于(yu)國家正開展的危險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)染(ran)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術規范研(yan)究范圍暫不(bu)涉及農藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)裝廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)業，就(jiu)我省而言(yan)，制(zhi)定管(guan)理(li)要求更規范、執行(xing)力度(du)更強的農藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)裝廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)方(fang)環(huan)境(jing)標準(zhun)(zhun)十分必要。
二、本標準有(you)哪些特點？
(一)制定綜(zong)合利用污染控制全過程管(guan)理要求
本標準從收集(ji)、貯存、運輸(shu)、利用工藝、污(wu)染控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、綜(zong)(zong)合利用產物(wu)流通(tong)等方(fang)面進行研究，充分考慮江蘇省(sheng)農(nong)藥包裝廢棄物(wu)綜(zong)(zong)合利用的(de)可(ke)行性(xing)、經濟發(fa)展(zhan)水平和(he)環(huan)境保護(hu)要求(qiu)(qiu)等，以國家環(huan)保相(xiang)關政策規范(fan)為依據，堅持清(qing)潔生產和(he)循環(huan)經濟的(de)理念(nian)，制(zhi)定涵蓋污(wu)染源頭控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、污(wu)染因子去除、綜(zong)(zong)合利用產物(wu)流通(tong)的(de)全流程管控(kong)(kong)要求(qiu)(qiu)。
(二)根據不同回收點實施差異化環境管(guan)理
回(hui)收(shou)點(dian)(dian)(dian)分為基層(ceng)收(shou)集(ji)點(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)(he)集(ji)中(zhong)貯存(cun)(cun)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，前者(zhe)面向農藥(yao)使用(yong)者(zhe)，是(shi)依托鄉鎮農藥(yao)經(jing)營網點(dian)(dian)(dian)進行(xing)農藥(yao)包(bao)裝廢棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)收(shou)集(ji)暫存(cun)(cun)的場所；后者(zhe)對各基層(ceng)收(shou)集(ji)點(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)收(shou)的農藥(yao)包(bao)裝廢棄(qi)物(wu)(wu)進行(xing)統一清點(dian)(dian)(dian)歸類、集(ji)中(zhong)收(shou)集(ji)、打包(bao)、申報(bao)登記和(he)(he)(he)貯存(cun)(cun)。集(ji)中(zhong)貯存(cun)(cun)點(dian)(dian)(dian)應(ying)(ying)滿足GB 18597-2023中(zhong)6.2規定的要求，貯存(cun)(cun)周期(qi)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)超過(guo)1年。考慮到基層(ceng)收(shou)集(ji)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的面向群體和(he)(he)(he)實際條件(jian)，基層(ceng)收(shou)集(ji)點(dian)(dian)(dian)若(ruo)無法滿足GB 18597-2023中(zhong)6.2的條件(jian)，則(ze)至少應(ying)(ying)滿足GB 18597-2023中(zhong)8.3規定的要求，且暫存(cun)(cun)周期(qi)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)超過(guo)30天。
(三)明確綜合利用產物“定向利用”方式
考慮到綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)環(huan)(huan)境風(feng)(feng)險，本標(biao)準明(ming)確(que)塑(su)料(liao)類(lei)農(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)應采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)“定向利(li)用(yong)(yong)”的(de)方式，在滿足管理要(yao)(yao)求的(de)前提下，直(zhi)接提供給(gei)農(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝物(wu)(wu)(wu)生產(chan)企業(ye)作為原(yuan)料(liao)。同(tong)時避免綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在生態(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線區域及(ji)其他需要(yao)(yao)特(te)別保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)區域使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，避免流入與人體(ti)直(zhi)接接觸的(de)行(xing)業(ye)。此外，應按照HJ 1091-2020中(zhong)8.1規定的(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)要(yao)(yao)求及(ji)頻次，定期(qi)對綜(zong)合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的(de)特(te)征污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或有害雜質進行(xing)采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)，加強對再生利(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)環(huan)(huan)境風(feng)(feng)險的(de)監(jian)管，建(jian)立臺賬制度。
三、標(biao)準實施的可(ke)行(xing)性如何？
2020年8月，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村部和生態(tai)環境(jing)部制定《農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝(zhuang)廢(fei)棄物回(hui)收處(chu)理管(guan)理辦(ban)法》，明確(que)了農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)、經(jing)營者(zhe)、使用(yong)(yong)者(zhe)以及地方(fang)政府(fu)、主(zhu)管(guan)部門和行業(ye)協會等各相(xiang)關主(zhu)體在農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝(zhuang)廢(fei)棄物回(hui)收管(guan)理方(fang)面的責(ze)任(ren)。經(jing)過近幾年的實(shi)踐(jian)，已(yi)為本標準(zhun)實(shi)施奠定了政策與技術基礎。經(jing)充分(fen)質詢，相(xiang)關專家(jia)認為本標準(zhun)能(neng)夠反映行業(ye)關切，具有(you)較強的指導性和可操作(zuo)性。通過走訪交流，相(xiang)關農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝(zhuang)物生產(chan)(chan)企業(ye)愿(yuan)意采用(yong)(yong)綜(zong)(zong)合利用(yong)(yong)產(chan)(chan)物塑料顆粒作(zuo)為生產(chan)(chan)原料使用(yong)(yong)，可保證綜(zong)(zong)合利用(yong)(yong)產(chan)(chan)物的流通。標準(zhun)制訂過程中，已(yi)面向社會公開征求(qiu)意見，并與相(xiang)關企業(ye)充分(fen)溝通，市場已(yi)有(you)預期，相(xiang)關企業(ye)已(yi)經(jing)開始籌備利用(yong)(yong)設施改造工作(zuo)。
四(si)、標準實施的環境和社會效益如何？
實施本標準具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)效(xiao)益，規范農(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝廢棄物(wu)綜合利(li)用(yong)(yong)可以有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)對環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)污染，減少土壤、水源(yuan)(yuan)和空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)污染物(wu)排放，有(you)助于保(bao)護生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)促進(jin)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)循環(huan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，減少對原(yuan)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)依賴，有(you)利(li)于可持續發(fa)展(zhan)。實施本標準將進(jin)一步(bu)促進(jin)固體廢物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化利(li)用(yong)(yong)行業(ye)公平競爭，有(you)利(li)于建(jian)立更(geng)加(jia)公平有(you)序的(de)(de)市場環(huan)境(jing)(jing)，帶(dai)動相關產業(ye)鏈的(de)(de)增長。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，將引導農(nong)藥(yao)使用(yong)(yong)者提高社會責任意識，在配藥(yao)施用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)通過(guo)清洗等方式充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)(yong)包(bao)裝物(wu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)，減少殘留農(nong)藥(yao)，有(you)利(li)于后續資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化利(li)用(yong)(yong)工藝過(guo)程的(de)(de)開(kai)展(zhan)。